Current Diagnostic Methods for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Current Diagnostic Methods for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Theoretical: Recognition of human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) disease is basic for analysis and checking of the contamination. There are a few unique kinds of demonstrative devices accessible that depend on recognition of HIV-explicit antibodies, infection antigen, or nucleic corrosive. Sensitivities and specificities of examines used for HIV location have improved. More current HIV testing advances, for example, third-age chemical immunoassay (EIA) which recognize HIV-explicit IgG and IgM antibodies, fourth-age EIA which distinguish both enemy of HIV antibodies and HIV p24 antigen, and nucleic corrosive based tests (NATs) for HIV RNA, have fundamentally diminished the window time frame. This audit study gives a diagram of current innovations for the location and observing of HIV disease and ongoing advances in the field of HIV finding. Watchwords: HIV finding; HIV immunizer test; human immunodeficiency infection; Immunoassay; Polymerase chain response (PCR) Presentation: Analysis of HIV contamination adds to assessing the movement of ailment, checking the viability of antiretroviral treatment (ART), and anticipation and control of HIV/AIDS. The determination of HIV is related with decline in dangerous practices, diminished HIV transmission, and improved endurance connected to expanded case recognition, prior consideration and treatment. HIV-antagonistic people can likewise shield themselves from HIV when settling on sexual choices by participating in more secure sex practices and once in a while, taking pre-presentation prophylaxis (PrEP). Early finding of HIV contamination gives a chance to hazard decrease guiding and forestalling further transmission of the ailment, while late conclusion of HIV disease is unfavorable to tainted patients and to the general wellbeing, and is related with an expanded pace of grimness, mortality, and medicinal services costs. Since the beginning of the scourge, it is evaluated that 78 million individuals have gotten contaminated with HIV and 35 million individuals have passed on from AIDS-related diseases. In 2015, 2.1 million individuals turned out to be recently tainted, 36.7 million individuals were living with HIV and 1.1 million individuals kicked the bucket from AIDS-related sicknesses. New HIV diseases have fallen by 6% since 2010. Sub-Saharan Africa, which bears the heaviest weight of HIV/AIDS around the world, represents 65% of all new HIV diseases. Different locales essentially influenced by HIV/AIDS incorporate Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (Table 1) [9]. The current examination means to direct a story survey to sum up and talk about the current symptomatic techniques for HIV and late turns of events. We start with a short review of HIV contamination, follow by a depiction on the advancement of virological and immunological markers following HIV disease. From there on, we present current calculations for research center HIV testing with various sort of ebb and flow diagnostics procedures including different ages of catalyst immunoassays, fast or purpose of-care tests, and subjective/quantitative PCR examines. Review of HIV Infection: HIV-1 causes constant contamination which is generally portrayed by dynamic insusceptible lack, a significant stretch of clinical idleness, and presence of entrepreneurial diseases [1, 2]. Attributes of HIV remember disease and viral replication for T lymphocyte communicating CD4 antigen. Subjective imperfections in CD4 cell reaction and a continuous decrease in their numbers increment the danger of crafty diseases like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and neoplasms, for example, Kaposis sarcoma and lymphoma [3-5]. HIV contamination can disturb elements of blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, and B lymphocytes, and furthermore increment the capability of epitomized microscopic organisms for creating diseases [6, 7]. Direct attack of CD4 cells in the fringe and focal sensory systems can cause meningitis, fringe neuropathy, and dementia [8]. The forecast is variable between individuals tainted with HIV-1. In grown-ups, the normal time between HIV presentation to AIDS stage is 10-11 years, however a noteworthy extent of people (~20%) advances quickly to AIDS inside 5 years after HIV introduction. Then again, it is assessed that 12% of contaminated people will stay liberated from AIDS for a long time [10]. Prophylaxis and specifically antiretroviral treatment (ART) essentially upgraded the general forecast of HIV malady against sharp diseases [11]. The most well-known course of HIV contamination is sexual transmission at the genital mucosa through direct contact with tainted body liquids, for example, blood, semen, and vaginal emissions. Disease may likewise happen by means of immunization of tainted blood, transfusion of tainted blood items, transplantation of contaminated tissues, from a tainted mother to her baby during pregnancy, or by reuse of defiled needles [12]. The likelihood of transmission after a solitary presentation with an uncontrolled HIV source has been evaluated to be 1/150 with needle sharing, 1/300 with word related percutaneous introduction, 1/300-1/1000 with open butt-centric intercourse, 1/500-1/1250 with responsive vaginal intercourse, 1/1000-1/3000 with insertive vaginal intercourse, and 1/3000 with insertive butt-centric intercourse. The normal hazard is 12-half for inherent (mother-to-kid) transmission, 12% for bosom taking care of, 90% for a sullied blood transfusion, and 0.1-1.0% for nosocomial transmission [13]. The danger of HIV transmission during ahead of schedule or intense HIV contamination gives off an impression of being more prominent than during interminable disease (251). Accessible information recommend that the viral burden is a significant indicator of the danger of hetero transmission, and patients with levels under 1500 duplicates of HIV-1 RNA for every milliliter are at lower danger of HIV transmission, though the likelihood of transmission is expanded drastically with expanding viral burdens (250). Research facility markers for HIV-1 disease: A few immunological and virological blood markers can be checked throughout HIV contamination. These markers show up profoundly reliable between various people in a sequential request and permits order of HIV contamination into unmistakable research center stages including shroud period, seroconversion window period, intense HIV disease, and built up HIV contamination (Figure 1) [14, 15]. Not long after introduction to HIV-1, no popular markers are reliably distinguishable in plasma, however low degrees of HIV-1 RNA can be found irregularly [16]. This period is known as the shroud stage. Around 10 days after disease, HIV-1 RNA gets discernible by NAT in plasma and amounts ascend to extremely elevated levels [17], which therefore decrease quickly until arriving at a set point, a steady level that may persevere for quite a long time. This steady degree of HIV RNA speaks to a harmony among HIV and host invulnerable reactions and is a significant pointer of resulting sickness movement, and possible transmission of HIV. It has been demonstrated that the higher HIV-1 RNA plasma level is related with quicker movement to AIDS [18]. The set point plasma HIV-1 RNA level can be a useful clinical device for deciding the planning of inception of antiretroviral treatment for HIV-tainted patients. For example, patients with high set point levels can be begun on forceful antiretrovir al treatment and patients with low set point levels can be observed without starting treatment [19]. HIV-1 p24 antigen is communicated and amounts ascend to levels that can be estimated by fourth-age immunoassays inside 17 days after disease (run of the mill run 13-28 days) [15, 20]. Because of high titers of p24 antigen present in the sera of intensely tainted patients during the span before seroconversion, p24 Ag test can be used to analyze the essential HIV-1 contamination [21]. By and by, recognition of p24 antigen is transient in light of the fact that, as antibodies create, they tie to the p24 antigen and structure insusceptible edifices that meddle with p24 Ag measure [22, 23]. The time span between contamination with HIV and the primary location of antibodies is known as the serological window time frame. The discovery of HIV-explicit antibodies demonstrates the finish of the window time frame and the individual is known as seropositive [24]. The length of the window time frame relies upon the structure and the affectability of the immunoassay. Articulation of IgM antibodies can be distinguished by immunoassays inside 10 to 13 days after the presence of viral RNA, 3 to 5 days after recognition of p24 antigen, and top between the fourth and the fifth week [15, 20, 25, 26]. From that point, the development of IgG antibodies happens at around 3 a month after contamination and persevere over the span of HIV disease [21]. By the by, the invulnerable reactions are profoundly subject to the capacity of the people resistant framework to create the antibodies. Roughly, half of patients inside 3 a month and about 100% of them inside a half year have discernible anti bodies, despite the fact that there are reports showing that a little level of patients may require as long as a half year for the presence of antibodies [27]. Research facility HIV testing calculations: Since 1989, the analytic calculation for HIV testing suggested by CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) depended on the affirmation of an over and over receptive HIV immunoassay with the more explicit HIV-1 counter acting agent test, either the HIV-1 Western blotch or HIV-1 roundabout immunofluorescence examine (IFA). The Western blotch was recently viewed as the highest quality level for the finding of HIV contamination by Clinicians [29, 30]. It ought to be noticed that both the Western smudge and IFA are original measures that identify just IgG antibodies against HIV proteins. Review testing of examples from high-chance people pointed that immune response testing alone may miss a noteworthy level of HIV diseases discernible by virologic tests, for example, HIV antigen and nucleic corrosive measures. In 2013, the CDC and the APHL discharged new

Importance Of Integrated Marketing Communication †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Importance Of Integrated Marketing Communication. Answer: Blog foundation The blog is on the significance of incorporated promoting correspondence for various associations over the globe. This blog would build up a comprehension of the significance of IMC with the assistance of two exceptionally presumed associations Coles and Woolworths in the retail business in Australia. Incorporated promoting correspondence is something, which has helped both the association fill their need. Hypothetical idea of IMC Incorporated advertising correspondence is a procedure utilizing which associations send different customary and non-conventional marking assets to keep up the earned notoriety (Yeshin, 2012). In different manners, it very well may be considered as a weapon that each presumed brand use to build up or restore its picture in the market. In the contemporary world, it has become a quintessential piece of firms over the globe. They utilize different new and one of a kind procedures to reclassify the market rivalry. Coordinated showcasing correspondence resembles an endless resource, which continues creating distinctive procedure utilizing which rumored brands upgrade their client base. This is important likewise for an increasing income age. Coordinate advertising correspondence can be with the assistance of different methodologies; notwithstanding, it totally relies upon two factors, for example, conventional IMC and non-customary IMC. Conventional IMC is a lot of various advertising mod es, which are very much demonstrated by the achievement it produced to its having organization. Nonetheless, non-conventional IMC is altogether an alternate methodology. It has comparable reason; be that as it may, it varies in its inclination (Percy, 2014). For instance, Woolworths once in a while depends on offering least expensive items. It to be sure offered quality items with some incidental limits. On in spite of this, Coles has utilized lower costs as its technique to pull in light of a legitimate concern for the clients. IMC of Woolworths Woolworths uses IMC through different modes to keep up its seriousness. They have ceaselessly been engaged with different advancements, which they have actualized for reclassifying the market rivalry and wining a huge client base. They had offered limits to their clients on their energize at the petroleum siphon. They have likewise utilized different internet based life stages and pamphlets to advance their items. They disperse gift vouchers too. Offering limits on the items is one of their weapons that they use to wind clients to their kindness. One of the better moves, which the organization has utilized, is doing ventures on dedication card. This has helped the organization get information on their clients, which is important to comprehend their requirements. Woolworths specifically has comprehended the necessities of its clients flawlessly. With the assistance of information of their clients, Woolworths had the option to comprehend the necessities of its clients, which is the rea son it works intimately with its providers to guarantee a quality creation (Arli et al., 2013). By and by, it is critical to have information on the clients needs. It truly helps rumored organizations strategise things suitably to deliver client driven items to yield boost achievement (Kumar Reinartz, 2012). IMC of Coles Coles is another huge name in the retail part, which alongside Woolworths structure a duopoly in the Australian Market. Their coordinated showcasing correspondence had spun around lower costs for the items. They have promoted such technique with some appealing mottos, for example, why pay increasingly, Extra Value for You and Me and so on. They have additionally insightfully attempted to catch the criticisms of their clients by organizing intelligent crusades wherein clients can share their inputs, for example, factors that energized them for shopping and so on. In contrast to Woolworths, they went along these lines and attempted to catch the important information on the partook clients. They did as such to comprehend the necessities of their clients and to offer them in like manner. This is essential also, in light of the fact that hitting the realized zone would give better reactions. Aside from catching the important information, Coles has different other special plans also, for e xample, flybuys dependability and prizes program. These projects of Coles have roughly around 5.5 million dynamic clients in Australia. The program was even decided as one of the best projects of its sort. They additionally target happy seasons and do broad advancements during such occasions. They do advancement during Christmas and New Year, which is in reality a potential open door for retail showcase (Keith, 2012). End Incorporated showcasing correspondence has now become a significant device for the various associations over the globe. Different conventional modes are accessible there, for example, commercial on the online media stages, PR occasion, promotions on the Televisions, and publicizing in magazine. Non-conventional methods of IMC are boundless, which various organizations use as per their vital capacities as such utilized by Coles and Woolworths. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in flexibly chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, 47-81. Kumar, V., Reinartz, W. (2012).Customer relationship the executives: Concept, procedure, and instruments. Springer Science Business Media. Percy, L. (2014).Strategic coordinated showcasing interchanges. Routledge. Yeshin, T. (2012).Integrated promoting correspondences. Routledge.

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons “Comma v.  Semicolon? Aaargh!! I’ll just pick one… I figure I have a 50% chance of getting it right.” Does this sound like you? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Let’s raise your average with these writing tips. Did you know you can HEAR the difference? The first thing I like to talk about with commas vs. semicolons is the sound of them. Commas are a pause with an invitation to continue, whereas semicolons are a full stop. You will be able to hear the difference. Read the following sentences aloud, paying attention to the *sound* of the punctuation: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths; the daughter and younger sister of doctors, I excelled in math and science and dreaded every English course I was ever forced to take. [CORRECT] I took a wide variety of classes, from psychology and sociology to business and criminal justice, hoping to find something, whether it were a class or a specific topic, that captivated my interest. [CORRECT] Addison’s Disease is a chronic adrenal insufficiency that leads to liver failure, kidney failure, effusions, and in some cases, death; I was determined that it would not kill my brother. Can you hear how your inflection goes up with each comma, and down with each semicolon? The upward inflection of the comma makes us think there is something more coming. The sound of a semicolon, on the other hand, is often the same sound that comes along with a period. It is more final. If you didn’t get that the first time around, go ahead and read the sentences above again, until you hear it. Why is it useful to know how a punctuation mark sounds? It allows you to read your sentence aloud and to determine whether you’ve chosen correctly. If you have a semicolon in your sentence but the inflection sounds right going up, you know to switch it to a comma. And vice versa. Also, on a more basic level, if you find yourself pausing and inflecting upward and yet you have no comma there at all, add one! Here’s an example: [INCORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities throughout my career. See how you want to pause and inflect upward after “capabilities” because of the comma after “myself”? Add a comma! [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities, throughout my career. Or just delete the comma after “myself” and the inflection changes: [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself and my capabilities throughout my career. One more example: [INCORRECT] Although, I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. Why put a comma after “Although” when you would not pause here when speaking? [CORRECT] Although I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. I hope this lesson listening for commas v. semicolons was helpful.

Gaining Power What Makes One Successful Or Not

Gaining power is something that our species has evolved to strive for. Throughout history man has always tried to gain power in some way, but gaining power is not an easy task and while gaining power is something that is core to all of human desire it is reached in different ways. Some gain power through war, economics, politics, and some power is inherited, but regardless of how power is gained, all power has to be maintained and how it is maintained is the real argument because the ways of gaining power that we explore have already happened and were successful in giving power to people but the ways the power is maintained is what makes one successful or not. When conducting an interview with Andrew Prazeres, my world history teacher, I†¦show more content†¦Much of the country’s success can be attributed to Lee. The reason he was able to do such great things because he was true to how he gained his power, which he got by being liked among his people and sharing their beliefs. He never took his power for granted and he would remind his co-workers that as well and by doing this he created a government that even today, after he has left the office, still spends large portions of their budget on social programs that help the lower and middle class citizens. Another example of power gained politically is the Kim family’s control over North Korea. Kim Il-Sung’s introduction to power was similar to Lee Kuan Yew and the way they maintained their power wasn’t as different as you may think. Il-Sung used his Anderson 3 power to turn Korea into an extremely communist nation, which in theory should help the nation’s people by having a large number of agricultural and industrial workers. However, due to poor soil and lots of floods, farming is a hard job to do in North Korea and because of this fact, many of the nation’s people live in poverty because of the focus on having a lot of agricultural workers, but the Kim family continues to maintain their power but Kim Jong Un maintains his power differently than his grandfather and that is why he is able to keep his power. It might seem strange thatShow MoreRelatedLEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN1072 Words   |  5 Pagessome major changes within me and my leadership skills. One of the most important attributes of a successful leader is self-knowledge about their distinctiveness and areas that require improvement. I came to the realization that I need improvement in at least three areas to be a successful leader as a CSO. The leadership areas that I noticed that would require improvement toward my leadership development is, Managing Stress, Gaining Power and Influence, and Developing Self Awareness. 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Education And Development Of Special Education - 949 Words

There are some significant laws that influenced the development of special education in China. Special education schools emerged in the late 19th century with special schools that served those who were blind and deaf (Deng, Poon-McBrayer Farnsworth, 2001, p. 289-290). â€Å"Education for individual with mental retardation or other disabilities was nonexistent† (Deng et al., p. 289-290). The foundation of the People’s Republic of China established in 1949 is often considered the actual start of special education services in China. From the 1950’s to 1980’s, the Chinese modeled their special schools after the Soviet Union’s (Deng et al., p. 290). In 1959, â€Å"the first school for students with mental retardation was established† however, the school was forced to close four years later and did not resume until 1979 (Deng et al., p. 290). Education reform began in the 1980’s. At this time, the Chinese system was beginning to be influenced by Western special education systems (Deng et al., p. 291). In 1982, China revised their constitution. This revision established their first mandate for the educating people with disabilities (Kritzer, 2012, p. 52). In 1986, they adopted the Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, which increased the mandate to include that all children are entitled to nine years of free education (Kritzer, 2012, p. 52). In 1990, the Law on the Protection of the Disabled Persons was passed. This law states that the families andShow MoreRelatedHandbook Of Leadership And Administration For Special Education992 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Administration for Special Education. New York, NY: Routledge. Text Purpose The authors have organized this handbook into five sections that address critical issues in special education leadership. The first section focuses on general topics related to leadership for learning. 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Ruthless Essay 1 Toefl Samples Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Essay 1 Toefl Samples Strategies Exploited You should make an effort to paraphrase the reading. Furthermore, the line of a truth is getting more and more vague. Nobody will believe you as soon as you're telling the reality. Indeed telling the truth is the most essential consideration in any connection between people. The topic is going to be a comprehensive surprise. Understanding how to paraphrase is crucial since it offers you more options when you want to respond to a question. The question is always the exact same. Select your words carefully so that you're answering the precise question that's asked. Facts, Fiction and Essay 1 Toefl Samples Speaking about your opinions will allow it to be simpler to write about them. You will have 20 minutes to compose a summary on the subject. You don't have to have much specific knowledge on any topic to be successful. Try everything you can to write about the precise topic provided to you. Each paragraph starts with a new significant point that's then explained. You don't require an introductory paragraph, but you need to definitely compose a thesis statement. In every one of the 3 paragraphs, your very first sentence, known as the topic sentence, is going to be the point you're explaining from your thesis. To state your primary point, your very last sentence in the very first paragraph is vital. Each section should have a minumum of one separate paragraph. The following two sections will explain the format and requirements of every one of the writing tasks together with how they'll be scored. Use the template within the next section to assist you. The Argument About Essay 1 Toefl Samples Along with taking good notes, you will need to write five or more paragraphs that synthesize the principal points of the reading passage and lecture. For this essay, you are going to be graded on the level of your writing in addition to how well your response represents the principal points of the audio clip and written passage and the way in which they relate to one another. If you don't understand a point in the lecture, it's possible to still score points. The reading passage might or might not have a different perspective from the lecture. For the reading, take short notes as you may see the passage when you want. You may only listen once, so be certain you take notes. You will be able to take notes as you listen to it though. Your notes for the listening needs to be more detailed as you will be unable to hear the lecture again. Top Essay 1 Toefl Samples Secrets You have to practice this, particularly if you aren't very good at typing on a computer keyboard. It's also important your usage of grammar is powerful and consistent, although it doesn't need to be perfect to find a top score. It's crucial to be capable of using synonyms of crucial words when you write. Your word is going to have no weighting. It's a great case of how your response doesn't need to be perfect to find a high score. It is possible to also practice brainstorming or planning reasons even if it's the case that you don't compose a comprehensive reaction. Your response ought to be around 150-225 words. Generally, an effective response is going to be 150 to 225 words. Around the planet, children often utilize computers from a really young age. For instance, some children utilize the web to find information on unique subjects. Children who may use the computer when they're young have more confidence than other children. In most instances, there'll be three main supporting ideas. New Questions About Essay 1 Toefl Samples It can likewise be beneficial to review other TOEFL writing samples to receive a better idea about what a wonderful TOEFL essay appears like. One of the most difficult sections to prep for on the TOEFL may be the essay. Eventually, you will want to have a comprehensive TOEFL practice examit's the only approach to be fully ready for the TOEFL. Hello toefl taker that you want to quit studying english and get started living it. Below you will discover a short but potent collection of toefl writing topics which were just updated for 2019. Writing about a different topic is a simple method to receive a minimal score. Our Online Practice Test 1 FREE Sample will demonstrate the format and fashion of the true examination. Being aware of what graders want and reviewing TOEFL Writing samples can go a very long way towards aiding you to get a high score on this section. As stated by the reading, but this strategy is unnecessary because American consumers will likely be content with domestically manufactured products, even if they're not ecocertified. Possessing a group of individuals attack a project provides several benefits. Honest, dedicated practice is a lot more useful and potent. Brainstorm and make a fast collection of your ideas. Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to employ the best managers, who can secure the absolute most out of their staffs. Each year, the range of folks who choose to leave their home countries and migrate to some other place increases. Poverty is among the most significant challenges that should be overcome, so the world for a whole can thrive. Participating in a group procedure can be extremely rewarding for members of the group.

Impact of Technology on Market Research for Data Collection

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Technology on Market Research for Data Collection. Answer: Introduction Market research in the words of Blackman, (2010) can be defined as the ways in which information is gathered to know about the need and preferences of consumers. It is mostly done by the businesses to access the viability of products and service which helps in the discovery of target market and also record opinions to know the interest about the product. This particular report has been prepared to understand the ways in which technology has impacted market research by considering cases situation of ResMarket. The study will assist them in analyzing the impact on technology by making use of appropriate literature and market examples. Main Body Impact of Technology on Market Research Market research is done for the purpose of data collection, integration and data analysis to know the preferences of consumers and their consumption patterns. In the recent years, the impact of technology and advancement on the way of doing market research has been changed in a drastic manner. Till the last decade, most of the market research was done by collecting the data face to face, by emails or rarely by phone. However, the introduction of the internet completely changed the game and introduced online surveys, website visits, and many more other technologies (Krishnan, 2011). Social Media is one such discovery that has made the market research more viable and easy to collect. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn are some websites which get lots of attractions from users and allows the companies to gather the market data easily and with feasible cost. ResMarket can use this medium to gather the data of customers and proposed target market segment for their clients from millions of people in very less span of time. In the recent years, communication has helped many businesses to grow by creating a more convenient relation between them and consumers. Technologies like the internet and mobile-phones have affected the ways in which companies communicate with people. Social media is considered to be one of the key sources of the collection of data as audiences on these systems update their information through respective profiles. Websites like Facebook makes it cost effective source for the collection of data, and for ResMarket it is a most viable tool. It also allows t he companies to gather the data of even from niche consumers which are required for some special products (McQuarrie, 2015). However, Spiekermann, (2012) argued that keeping track of the data collected from these sources is unpredictable as a large number of population is available. People provide good data over these websites with the help of online surveys, but data gathering becomes burdensome. With the use of effective systems, analytics can target some specific areas of social media like the special forum to get more insight about a particular topic. There have also been the discoveries of various online tools which can be accessed online by ResMarket in order to collect data. Websites such as Quia.com can be used to create the online surveys, and same can be shared with millions of people via email, message, etc. The data filled by these people get recorded and reaches to the company in real time. Besides all these online tools there are some other advances in the technology which has made the field of market research advanced. The futuristic tool in virtual reality is trending in the market where companies can link up the subjects that are being observed to their operational strategies (Teal, 2016). The use of this tool not only allows the companies to evaluate and collect the data in the real scenario but also allows them to record emotions, reactions, etc. The Internet has completely changed the life of people and also their approach towards products and services consumed by them. This tool allows the companies to develop the new products as per the needs and demands of consumers by integrating different services. All the information that can help the company to understand the needs and preference of consumers can be gathered by this platform in terms of online surveys and polls which provide a large amount of data about people perception in very less cost. Analytical data that is collected from the people is getting more and more accurate, and market research is getting great benefits (Shugan, 2014). It is defining the new ways that are helping businesses to measure the data accurately which is again evolving very quickly. Market research data can be collected faster in an efficient and accurate manner by making use information technologies. Market research companies with the help of internet are using open end data in terms of their surveys and primarily researchers. All the results that are gathered are sent for automatic processing in order to identify important keywords from surveys. Technology allows the company to sort the data usage guide to use it in the best way possible. It is also helping to gather the knowledge about the market trends and statistics of competitors while keeping in view the bigger picture. Market research gets more relevant results, as this micro research is combined with the macro research, to develop effec tive business strategies. The foremost purpose of market research is to improve the quality of product distribution and to develop better decision making strategy (Von and Gassmann, 2012). It helps to solve the existing issues in product marketing and provide the different opportunities in order to recognize collect and analyze the information systematically and objectively. The trend now days is to do the market research online because it has become quick and efficient method which is used by lots of companies. Online research makes the complete use of the freedom of the internet in terms of its flexibility and universality. With the use of technology, ResMarket can reach the consumers at a global location without any limitation of time. It helps to get the direct response by giving power to consumers to provide appropriate responses. The Internet has also helped to improve the level of research performances and has allowed the businesses to reduce their investment in humans and material resources (Trott, 20 11). Many people voluntarily accept these online surveys and answer questions seriously. It increases the accuracy levels in the investigation analysis. Advancement of technology is not just limited to the internet as some emerging technologies like biometrics; GPS tracking has also been proved very effective. Biometric is the automated identification which is made in terms of physical, physiological, etc., to store digital templates (Deshpande and Zaltman, 2015). The biggest advantage that researcher gets through biometric is that it allows them to analyze the emotional and subconscious response of respondents. Mobile phone market research has also evolved from sending the simple messages to sending online surveys via applications like Whatsapp, Hike, etc. Other than this, different wearable technologies like smart watches, band, etc. are also helping the researchers to collect the market research data in real time (ATTIH, 2014). All these technologies have improved the performance of market research with optimal pricing that will allow ResMarket to collect the data and analyze it in most advanced manner. Conclusion From the report, it can be analyzed that technology has completely changed the game in terms of market research. It has made this field fast, accurate, reliable and more informative which can be used to predict the behaviour of consumers. ResMarket can use these technologies to provide better results to their clients, and most of these technologies are cheap and affordable. References Books and Journals Blackman, I. (2010). Conducting market research using the Internet: the case of Xenon Laboratories. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing. 19(3). pp.178-187. Deshpande, R., Zaltman, G. (2015). Factors affecting the use of market research information: A path analysis.Journal of marketing research, 14-31. Krishnan, R. (2011). Marketing Research. Cengage Learning. McQuarrie, E. (2015). The Market Research Toolbox: A Concise Guide for Beginners. SAGE Publications. Shugan, S. (2014). The Impact of Advancing Technology On Marketing and Academic Research. Marketing Science. 23(4). 69-75. Spiekermann, U. (2012). The Rise of Marketing and Market Research. Springer. Teal, R. (2016). Technology Changing Market Feasibility. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 8. 333 356. Trott, P. (2011). The role of market research in the development of discontinuous new products.European Journal of Innovation Management.4(3). 117-126. Von Zedtwitz, M., Gassmann, O. (2012). Market versus technology drive in RD internationalization: four different patterns of managing research and development.Research policy.31(4). 569-588. Online ATTIH, O., (2014). THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MARKETING RESEARCH. [Pdf]. Available through: https://www.scirj.org/papers-0714/scirj-P0714159.pdf. [Accessed on 23 August].

The War of 1812

Word Choice Subsequently vs. Consequently - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Subsequently vs. Consequently - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Subsequently vs. Consequently These two words are easy to mix up and often used (incorrectly) to mean much the same thing. They are not, however, interchangeable and have two different meanings. Sometimes, deciding which of these words is the correct one for your purpose requires careful consideration. Make sure that you use the right terms in your work by learning their definitions below. Consequently (As a Result) Consequently is an adverb meaning as a result of. It is used to describe an effect, outcome or result, like this: Jonathan is away on holiday. Consequently, he will be unable to play in the soccer match this week. Subsequently (Later or After) Subsequently is an adverb meaning occurring later or after something else. It is, therefore, used when describing a series of events wherein one thing followed another: President Nixon was heavily criticized for his involvement in the Watergate scandal of 1972. He subsequently resigned from office in 1974. However, while there is sometimes a connection between the two events describe (such as the Watergate scandal and Nixons resignation), this isnt always the case. The important thing is simply that one event occurs after the other: Boris was born in Minnesota, but he subsequently studied in schools across the U.S.A. Here, for instance, there is no obvious causal connection, not even indirectly, between Boris being born in one place but later studying elsewhere. Its simply that he was born before he went to school. Consequently or Subsequently? We use consequently when discussing the reason why something took place, while subsequently concerns the order in which events took place. A common mistake is using subsequently instead of consequently when no causation has been discussed. Dont forget to double check whether the word you pick is correct in the context of your writing and remember: Consequently = As a result Subsequently = Later/after

Spreadsheet Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spreadsheet Report - Essay Example A company’s income statement is perhaps more important because it shows whether or not the business has achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective-earning a ‘profit’ or ‘net income’ Initially, Paid-up capital of Rose, Aisha, John and David was  £2000 for the initial stock purchases in order to start their enterprise commercial activities which were received from Rose, Aisha, John and David as an equal shares of  £500 each partner. During the year 2007/08 the following financial transaction occurred. Although the enterprise has a good return on employed capital which is approximately thee time more than the capital employed, but the same time there is big difference between G.P margin and N.P margin which 33.76% (60.36%-26.60%) it means the enterprise bearing significant expenses as well the enterprise paid a big total of payable tax 1088.83 which is 17.5% of the profit before tax. In order to get the optimum profit margin the enterprise should reduce their expenses. Each of the partners Rose, Aisha, John and David had contributed and equal amount of share which is  £500 of the total paid –up capital with this connection all the profit of the enterprise will be distributed at the same ratio to all the partners as shown below: The total sales of the enterprise for the first year calculated as  £19297.10 but if the enterprise intended to increase its income by 20% from the first year with this intention the enterprise would have to increase its sales by  £3859.42 which would reach  £23156.52 for the year 2008/09. Therefore the enterprise would have to increase its purchases by 20% as like for the first year cost of goods sold was  £7650 so the enterprise will have to purchase the additional goods by 20% which will increase the expenditure by  £1530 and the total cost of goods sold will be amounted to  £9180.The whole budgeting scenario for the year ended 2008/09 is illustrated as below. By

Personal Safety in Kensington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Safety in Kensington - Essay Example As such fear of being a victim of a less serious crime has significantly contributed to behaviour change in residents of Kingston. 2,2 The Crime and Disorder Act of 1988 and The Police Reform Act of 2002 vested power and responsibility within the police force to work hand in hand with other agencies in a bid to develop a three year strategy that was meant to promote safety in the communities (Home Office, 2004). The need to monitor levels of public concern was also increased after the introduction of the Licensing Act 2003, Anti Social Behaviour Act 2004 and Government Strategy for reduction of Harm 2004. An emphasis on the need to strengthen the monitoring challenges arising for new anti social behaviour is found in A New Partnership 2008 -2011 (Home Office, 2008) in conjunction with the studies that were suggested by Kingston police as well as community members. 2.3 The Police and Justice Act 2006 resulted in the amendment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 prioritises the aspect o f partnerships where a Strategy Group with a certain level of membership is responsible for undertaking strategic assessments on a yearly basis. The issues of concern which are identified through this strategic assessment are put forward in a three year Strategic Plan. The Partnership Plan is comprised of the following aspects: crime and disorder reduction strategy, dealing with unwanted elements of misuse are some of the elements earmarked to be covered by the Partnership Plan over the period of three years. Thus, according to the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Partnership plan 2008/11, there are six areas which are given prominence and these include the following: misuse of alcohol, misuse of drugs, unbecoming behaviour, violence against others, domestic violence, crime related to hate as well as crime committed by youths. 2.4 The use of CCTV across the United Kingdom has been adopted as a strategy to fight crime since these are used to monitor the events obtaining on the g round. Thus, in May 1998, Kensington introduced a centralised CCTV from a controlled center and this system has been extended to the other communities in the neighbourhood and the cameras are used to cover the shopping centers as well as railway stations (Lazell, 2009). 2.5 Since 1998 when the first Kingston Thames Crime audit was unveiled, this objective was attained through constant surveillance of the town center as well as district offices. The study links with surveillance programmes and it looks at the changes in the perceptions of the people about their concerns for safety in Kingston in 2012 February. Target population and survey design 3.1 A study about personal safety in Kensington was conducted on 17 February 2012 and 24 February 2012 by the Kingston University’s Students from the School of Social sciences (Herrick, 2012). Just like in previous years, quota samples were drawn on the basis of people who are more vulnerable to attacks such as the elderly, cyclists, p re-schoolchildren, disabled people, minority groups as well as the ordinary members of the public. The questionnaires were used to measure levels of concern of safety by individuals compared to recorded cases of victimisation. The victims of crime were also asked to

Analysing Different Ethical Theories Philosophy Essay

Analysing Different Ethical Theories Philosophy Essay Ethics may be viewed as the study of human conduct with an emphasis on determination of right and wrong (Fraedrich and Ferrell, 1992). Together with this, it is the assumption that management must adhere to a narrow version of positivism that excludes any reference to intention (Ghoshal, 2005). According to (Mallor et al., 2010), for centuries, religious and secular scholars have explored the meaning of human existence and attempted to define a good life. Ethical theories and principles are the foundations of ethical analysis because they are the viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a decision. The four ethical theories according to the text are rights theory, justice theory, utilitarianism, and profit maximization. The rights theory covers a range of ethical philosophies that holds that certain human rights are important and must be respected by other society and her rights. Rights are also considered to be ethically correct and legitimate given that a large or ruling population endorses them. Few rights theorists are stringent deontologists, and one of the few is the 18th century philosopher by name Immanuel Kant and his theory is known as the Kantianism. Kant viewed humans as moral actors that are free to make choices and he also believed that humans are able to judge the morality of any action by applying his famous categorical imperative. One of his formulations of the categorical imperative is Act only on that maxim whereby at the same time you can will that it shall become a universal law. The meaning of it is that we judge an action by applying it universally. The most important strength of rights theory is that it protects fundamental rights, unless some greater right takes precedence. A major criticism of the rights theory deal with the near absolute yet relative value of the rights protected, making it difficult to articulate and administer a comprehensive rights theory. The Justice theory which came into limelight by John Rawls in 1971 when he published his book entitled: A theory of Justice, the philosophical underpinning for the bureaucratic welfare state. He reasoned that it was right for governments to redistribute wealth in order to assist the poor and the destitute. Furthermore, Rawls expressed this philosophy in his Greatest Equal Liberty Principle: each person has an equal right to basic rights and liberties. He further limited the principle with the Difference Principle: social inequalities are acceptable only if they cannot be eliminated without making the worst-off class even worse off. Rawlss justice theory has application in the business context which requires decision makers to be guided by fairness and impartiality. The strength of Rawlss justice theory lies in its basic premise, the protection of those who are least advantaged in society. The ethical dilemma for managers is to determine the fair rules and procedures for distributing outcomes to stakeholders. Managers must not give people they like bigger raises than they give to people they do not like, for example, or bend the rules to help their favorites. On the other hand, if employees want managers to act fairly toward them, then employees need to act fairly toward their companies and work hard and be loyal. Similarly, customers need to act fairly toward a company if they expect it to be fair to them-something people who illegally copy digital media should consider. The criticism that justice theory with the rights theory is that it treats equality as an absolute, without examining the costs of producing equality, including reduced incentives for innovation, entrepreneurship and production. Utilitarianism entails a decision maker to maximize utility for society as a whole. Maximizing utility means achieving the highest level of satisfactions over dissatisfactions which means that a person must consider the benefits and costs of her actions to everyone in society. A utilitarian will take action only if the benefits of the action to society outweigh the societal costs of the action. There are two types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism judges each act separately, assessing a single acts benefit and its cost to societys members. Rule utilitarianism judges actions by a rule that over the long run maximizes benefits over cost. The strength of utilitarianism as a guide for ethical conduct is that it is easy to articulate the standard of conduct; which coincides with values of most modern countries like the USA who is capitalist in nature by focusing on total social satisfactions, benefits, wealth and welfare. In general under ca pitalism, the interests of shareholders are put above those of employees, so production will move abroad. This is generally regarded as being an ethical choice because in the long run, the alternative, domestic production might cause the business to collapse and go bankrupt. If this happens, all of the companys stakeholders will suffer-not just its employees. According to the utilitarian view, the decision that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people is best. In this case, that means outsourcing the jobs. The criticism of utilitarianism is that it is difficult to measure ones own pleasures, pains, satisfaction and dissatisfaction, let alone those of all of societys members. Profit maximization as an ethical theory requires a decision maker to maximize a businesss long-run profits within the limits of the law. This has been based on the laissez faire theory of capitalism first expressed by Adam Smith in the 18th century and more recently promoted by economists such as Milton Friedman and Thomas Sowell. Profit maximization is closely related to utilitarianism, but it varies essentially in how ethical decisions are made. Profit maximization optimizes total social utility by narrowing the actors focus, requiring the decision maker to make a decision that merely maximizes profits for himself or his organization. The strengths of profit maximization results in ethical conduct because it requires societys members to act within the constraints of the law and a profit maximizer, therefore, acts ethically by complying with societys mores as expressed in its laws. The criticism of profit maximizer is that if profit maximization results in an efficient allocation o f societys resources and maximization of total social welfare, it does not concern itself with how wealth is allocated within Society. An ethical theory that was not found in the text is that of rationalism, which this ethical theory focuses mainly on norms. The moral rationalism is that in which the decisive factor of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive, and it has its major proponent in Emmanuel Kant (Llano, 2002). Mr. Kant attempted to change our everyday, clear, rational knowledge of morality into philosophical knowledge. He went after a technique of using practical reason to reach conclusions which are able to be useful to the world of experience. Kant is also known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation which he called the Categorical Imperative, and derived from the perception of duty. He further stated that these moral norms must be obeyed in all situations and circumstances if our behavior is to observe the moral law. In a way to improve corporate governance and corporate social responsibilities, according to Mallor et al., 2010, one can modify the corporate governance model to educate, motivate, and supervise executives and thereby improve corporate social responsibility. Corporate governance is the structure used to direct and manage business and affairs of the company towards enhancing prosperity and corporate accountability. Corporate critics however did propose a wide rang of cures, all of which have been implemented to some degree and with varying degrees of success. Ethical codes: Ethic codes in a way have been adopted by many large corporations and several industries to guide executives and other employees. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act required that a public company discloses whether it has adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers, and to disclose any changes in the code or waiver of the codes application. The codes can be viewed in two ways; one sees the codes as genuine efforts to foster ethical behavior within a firm or an industry while others view regards them as thinly disguised attempts to make the firm function better, to mislead the public into believing the firm behaves ethically, to prevent the passage of legislation that would impose stricter constraints on business, or to limit competition under the veil of ethical standards. Better ethical codes make clear that the corporation expects employees not to violate the law in a mistaken belief that loyalty to the corporation requires it. These kinds of codes work best, however, when a corporation also gives its employees an outlet for dealing with a superiors request to do an unethical act. Ethical instruction: Some corporate organizations require their employees to enroll in classes that teach ethical decision-making. The idea is that a manager trained in ethical conduct will recognize unethical actions before they are taken and deter herself and the corporation from the unethical acts. Majority of corporations in this present day express their dedication to ethical decision-making by an ethics officer who is not only responsible for ethical instruction, but also in charge of ethical supervision. The ethics officer tends to be a mentor or sounding board for all employees who face ethical issues. Greater Shareholder Role in Corporations: As shareholders are the vital stakeholders in a corporation in a capitalist economy, several corporate critics argue that businesses should be more attuned to shareholders ethical values and that shareholder control of the board of directors and executives should be increased. Evidence suggests that sources of ethical dilemmas will continue to increase. To understand this assessment, it will be useful to look at four categories of conditions influencing ethical behavior: global, social, organizational and individual. Global: A variety of global conditions affect our lives and our society; many are well-known to all of us. They include the increasing influence of cultural values substantially different from those of our Anglo-Saxon heritage; impacts of a complex global economy on local economic structures; and our rapidly increasing technological capacity to communicate and interact with the global community. Within the past few years we have watched the beginning of the development of a new world order that will be substantially different from our sense of world order developed over the last half century. Among the implications resulting from this picture, two are especially important: (1) we as a people no longer have a secure sense of our role in the world or our control over it; and (2) it has become increasingly acceptable, and even logical, to admit that we simply dont know what the appropriate response is. This era of rapid change has an indirect but important influence on our sense of ethi cal appropriateness. Social: A more direct source of ethical conflicts is social change. Change has been so rapid that some have argued that we have lost our sense of values or that we must seek better mechanisms to resolve value conflicts. This line of reasoning is incorrect for several reasons. First, value conflicts (and, therefore, ethical dilemmas) reflect our social and cultural fabric. Second, stakeholders have a relatively easy time gaining access to our policy making system; therefore, value conflicts are very visible and, frequently, cause our problem-solving process to forge slow, painful compromises. These processes continue to represent one of the great comparative advantages of our society and should not be changed without sober reflection. Organizational: Thirdly, we are witnessing rapid change in the nature and role of the public organization and concepts about administrative behavior. Organizational values are vital influence on the majority of us; thus far our organizational lives are becoming increasingly participatory, open, communicative and interactive. While I believe that the decline of organization hierarchy is among the more positive aspects of our society, it also signals a decline in another source of behavioral guidelines. Individual judgment, group dynamics and social interactions are replacing traditional rules of behavior dictated by the organization. We are also facing increasing conflicts between the bureaucratic ethos and the democratic ethos (Hejka-Ekins, 1998). The bureaucratic ethos includes such traditional organizational standards as efficiency, competence, loyalty and accountability. Individual: lastly, ethical anxieties are caused by changes at the individual level. In particular, individualism and materialism are at the present celebrated within major social institutions and have become a dominate ethos of the baby bust generation. Self-indulgence, greed, self-interest, and privatism are accepted components of the ethos of this generation (Frederickson, 1982). In order to improve the ethical climate of an organization, management must effectively communicate proper ethical behavior throughout the organization. Wimbush and Shephard (1984: 637-647) reported that businesses annually spend an estimated $40 billion on the ethical behavior problems. Thus, pointing to the fact that ethical dimension of employees behavior has a clear impact on the profitability of the company. It is generally accepted that customer satisfaction is one of the most important factors in successful business strategy. Although a company must continue to develop, alter and adapt products to keep pace with customers changing desires and preferences. It must also seek to develop long-term relationships with customers and its stakeholders. By focusing on customer satisfaction, a company continually deepens the customers dependence on the company, and as the customers confidence grows, the firm gains a better understanding of how to serve the customer so the relationship ma y endure. Successful businesses provide an opportunity for customer feedback, which can engage the customer in a cooperative problem solving. As is often pointed out, a happy customer will come back, but a disgruntled customer will tell others about his or her dissatisfaction with a company and discourage friends from dealing with it. When an organization has a strong ethical environment, it usually focuses on the core value of placing customers interest first. An ethical culture that focuses on customers incorporates the interests of all employees, suppliers, and other interested parties in decisions and actions. Employees working in an ethical environment support and contribute to the process of understanding customers demands and concerns. Ethical conduct towards customers builds a strong competitive position that has been shown to affect business performance and product innovation positively.

Student Evaluation of Educators Essay -- Teacher Evaluation Education

Different opinions arise when it comes to whom is supposed to evaluate teachers’ performances as they educate students. Although teachers have had the proper education necessary to execute education in a classroom, some lack skills to present material which students can fully comprehend. In an effort to help students grasp learning material, the idea of students evaluating and grading their teacher’s performance has been suggested. This idea would be helpful to teachers who need views on how to reach slower students and whom welcome helpful criticism. However, the entire evaluation should not be based solely on students opinions. Teacher evaluations should not be done solely by students. However, if students filled out 10% of a teacher evaluation, which stated the student’s opinion about the teacher’s performance, this could be constructive for both teachers and students. Louisa Coburn stated, â€Å"Students are the main source of information about the learning environment, including teachers' ability to motivate students for continued learning, rapport or degree of communication among instructors and students.† Another suggestive idea about evaluating teachers are letter grades for their performance. This would be given by students. This could potentially be beneficial as well. In both cases, this would allow the teachers to understand how the students feel about teacher‘s instructional learning material. Teachers do not always meet the needs of individual students. Providing a way for students to give opinions about their teacher’s performance helps teachers to develop the flaws in their teaching habits. However, the controversy about grading, rating and evaluating is that students do not have enough knowledge on how to properly ... ...inking of students’ education for the future should be a number one priority to educators. Works Cited Barrett, Joan. The Evaluation of Teachers. ERIC Digest 12. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education , 1986. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/evaluation.htm. Coburn, Louisa. Student Evaluation of Teacher Performance. ERIC Clearinghouse on Tests Measurement and Eval, 1984. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. . Doyle, Terry. Evaluation Teacher Effectiveness--Research Summary. Centering for Teaching and Learning, 30 Oct. 2002. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. http://www.ferris.edu/fctl/Teaching_and_Learning_Tips/Research%20on%20Students'%20Evalution%20of%20Faculty%20Teaching/EvalTeachEffec.htm. Huerner, Michael. Student Evaluations: A Critical Review. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/sef.htm.

Reflection Week Essay

Apply ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses to financial statements Ratio analyses are used by companies to gather information in a company’s financial statement. Ratios and numbers from a company’s current year are compared to previous years and sometimes even the economy to judge the company’s performance. There are several ratios such as profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios and market ratios that can be used to calculate financial information. In vertical analyses, each entry of the assets, liabilities and equities in a balance sheet is represented as a proportion of the total account of the financial statement. In horizontal analysis a company’s ratios are compared in the financial statements over a period of time. Horizontal analysis can be used from revenues to earnings per share. Prepare a statement of cash flows using both direct and indirect methods. When preparing a statement of cash flows, there are two different methods that can be used; there is the direct method, and there is also the indirect method. The direct method shows operating cash receipts and payments, making it more consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flow, while the indirect method adjusts net income for items that do not affect cash. The FASB allows both methods to be used because in the end the results of the total amount for net cash provided by operating activities arrive in the same way. Companies use numerous adjustments when preparing such statements so following a proper guide such as the direct method or indirect method will help to ensure that everything is properly in order the way it should be. Prepare journal entries associated with the issuance of preferred and common stocks and the declaration and payment of dividends The issuance of common stock affects only paid-in-capital accounts. Always record common stock at its par or stated value. Debit Cash and credit Common Stock. Preferred stock has preference over common stock. However, preferred stockholders do not have voting rights. The entry is debit to Cash and credit to Preferred Stock. For a corporation to issue cash dividends there must be: retained earnings, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. A company does not pay dividends unless its board of directors decides to do so, then it is deemed declared. When it is declared then it becomes a liability. Three important dates are observed with dividends: declaration date, record date, and the payment date. Declaration commits a corporation to legal obligations.

Difference Between Public, Charter and Private Schools

Public, private, and charter schools all share the same mission of educating children and young adults. But theyre different in some fundamental ways. For parents, choosing the right kind of school to send their children to can be a daunting task. Public Schools The vast majority of school-aged children in the U.S. receive their education in Amercas public schools. The first public school in the U.S., Boston Latin School, was founded in 1635, and most of the colonies in New England established what was called common schools in the following decades. However, many of these early public  institutions limited enrollment to male children of white families; girls and people of color generally were barred. By the time of the American Revolution, rudimentary public schools  had been established in  most states, although it wasnt until the 1870s that every state in the union had such institutions. Indeed, not until 1918 did all states require children to complete elementary school.  Today, public schools provide education for students from kindergarten through 12th grade, and many districts also offer pre-kindergarten classes as well. Although K-12 education is mandatory for all children in the U.S., the age of attendance varies from state to state.   Modern public schools are funded with revenue from federal, state, and local governments. In general, state governments provide the most funding, up to half of a districts funding with revenue usually coming from income and property taxes. Local governments  also provide a large portion of school funding, usually also based on property tax revenue. The federal government makes up the difference, usually about 10 percent of total funding. Public schools must accept all students that reside within the school district, although enrollment numbers, test scores, and a students special needs (if any) may influence which school a student attends. State and local law dictate class size, testing standards, and curriculum. Charter Schools Charter schools are institutions that are publically funded but privately managed. They receive public money based on enrollment figures. Roughly 6 percent of U.S. kids in grades K-12 are enrolled in a charter school. Like public schools, students do not have to pay tuition in order to attend.  Minnesota became the first state to legalize them in 1991. Charter schools are so named because they are founded based on a set of governing principles, called a charter, written by parents, teachers, administrators, and sponsoring organizations. These sponsoring organizations may be private  companies, nonprofits, educational institutions, or individuals. These charters typically outline the schools educational philosophy and establish baseline criteria for measuring student and teacher success.   Each state handles charter school accreditation differently, but these institutions typically must have their charter approved by a state, county, or municipal authority in order to open. If the school fails to meet these standards, the charter may be revoked and the institution closed. Private Schools Private schools, as the name implies, are not funded with public tax dollars. Instead, they are funded primarily through tuition, as well as private donors and sometimes grant money. About 10 percent of the nations children are enrolled in K-12 private schools. Students who attend must either pay tuition or receive financial aid in order to attend. The cost of attending a private school varies from state to state and may range from about $4,000 per year to $25,000 or more, depending on the institution. The vast majority of private schools in the U.S. have affiliations with religious organizations, with the Catholic Church operating more than 40 percent of such institutions. Nonsectarian schools account for about 20 percent of all private schools, while other religious denominations operate the remainder. Unlike public or charter schools, private schools are not required to admit all applicants, nor are they required to observe some federal requirements such as the Americans with Disabilities Act unless they receive federal dollars. Private schools may also require compulsory religious education, unlike public institutions.